petropas-9

How Does Petrochemicals Work

Petrochemical for the first time in 1942; by some chemical manufacturers; It was used for advertising.

Petrochemical materials in general; It is a group of chemical products that are made through transformation or partial interactions of oil or natural gas hydrocarbons with other materials. Petrochemical products have many general and industrial use issues such as fabric (nylon, darkron). synthetic wool and cotton (electrical equipment); chemical fertilizers; Solvents ; cleaning materials and so on.

Petrochemical products of petrochemical industries can be divided into three specific categories:

1- Basic products such as ethylene; propylene ; sulfur; Petrol ; Ammonia etc.

These products form the basis of many other petrochemical products.

2- Intermediate products that are produced from basic products and raw materials of factories producing final products. such as polychlorovinyl (PVC); Melamine and…

3- Final products that are used to make equipment and tools used by industries and the general public, such as synthetic fibers; plastic objects; tires; Chemical fertilizers, etc. The issues of use and value of petrochemical products in the world today, life without petrochemical products is very problematic. In this section, we will briefly state the issues of using some petrochemical products.

Chemical fertilizers are the cause of many effects in the increase of agricultural products in the world, and without their use, it can be said with certainty that the world’s population will face severe food shortages in some countries due to long-term cultivation; the food of the earth Depleted and if the land is not fed with proper fertilizers, the crop yield is very low. Today, nitrogen and ammonia form the basis of chemical fertilizers. Plastics play an important role in most general and industrial needs and are the fundamental pillar of modern life. make.

Each of the plastics has properties that may be completely different from the properties of other plastics. Nowadays, flat polyesters form the major part of a boat. More than 14 kg in each car and in supersonic airplanes; More than 2.5 tons of synthetic polymers will be used. Plastics have played an effective role in conquering space.

No plastic; It was relatively impossible to make a space suit. Plastics are used in building materials. Floor Covering; electrical bag and packaging and insulation; Bottle; medical supplies; Surgery, etc. are used.

Rubber:

Another petrochemical product; There is rubber, which is widely used in the manufacture of vehicle tires, but there are many other usage issues, such as use in the manufacture of pipes; cable cover; Conveyor belts, etc. Synthetic fibers due to having different physical and chemical benefits; Problems have different uses.

For example, nylon was first used in making socks, and then in the direction of making clothes; curtain various fabrics, etc.; was used. Polyester fibers, which are called Dacron and Trilen,

They have more strength than other natural and artificial fibers. The use of this type of fiber has increased due to its various benefits such as not wrinkle quickly. curtain Carpet; conveyor belts; Rope etc. are used.

Cleaning materials have replaced soap to a large extent both in industry and in home use. These materials are not only used for washing; Rather, they are a feature of germicide.

In addition to what was said; Petrochemicals have many other usage issues.

toxic substances such as insecticides; Solvents; Explosive; anti-explosive materials;

colored materials; adhesive tapes; glue; on paper and industrial adhesives; All kinds of construction colors.

Various acids for metal plating; Water treatment of plastics; defatting; cleaners and acids used in laboratories;

chlorine gas for purifying drinking water; Carbonic gas for soft drinks and firefighting; Sulfur and industrial carbon blacks for rubber making;

Types of thinners; stan and burning materials and many other products; All are products of the petrochemical industry.

Petroleum products After preparing petroleum products, the next complicated step will be the method of delivering them to buyers.

To choose the way to transport the products, several factors should be taken into consideration, which are:

Shipping cost rate, amount of products and distance between distribution centers and users.

The main uses of petroleum products include testing, transportation, providing heat and lighting, and generating electricity.

However, oil is a multi-purpose substance: engine oil, wax, polishes, most medicines and cosmetics all get their raw materials from oil.

The petrochemical industry gives us countless products that are very valuable for our industries and daily life.

Most of the oil products leave the refinery in bulk.

Although some of them are already packed in cans or barrels and are ready to be delivered to the user.

Major customers, such as power plants or chemical plants, sometimes

They receive their orders by pipe, truck, railway or ship directly from the refinery.

Smaller customers generally receive their needs from distribution centers and warehouses that are called ((terminal)) or ((warehouse)).

The products are transported by (product ship) or two to tanker trucks and railway tanker wagons to buyers.

The valuable and complex task of distribution of an oil company is that

To make sure that the required products are delivered in the correct quantities to the specified destination at the specified time.

In addition to this, companies are constantly trying to develop programs

2022-lexus-rz-campaign-presales-next-steps-reserve-the-rz-16x9-1920x1080-1-1600x900

Highest Valued Car Brands

In the report of 100 most valuable brands in the world in 2023, Toyota is recognized as the most valuable car brand and the sixth most valuable brand in the world.

In Interbrand’s 2023 World’s Best Brands report, Toyota is recognized as the world’s most valuable car brand. With a value of 64.5 billion dollars, Toyota ranks sixth among the top 100 brands in the world. This Japanese brand held the same position in 2022. Toyota’s value has more than doubled compared to $30.2 billion 10 years ago.

Mercedes-Benz, with a value of 61.4 billion dollars, has taken the position of the second most valuable car brand in the world in 2023. The value of this German brand has increased by 9% and now it has overtaken Coca-Cola as the seventh most valuable brand in the world with a value of 58 billion dollars.BMW has also climbed from 13th to 10th place with a significant growth of 10% and for the first time is among the 10 most valuable brands in the world. The value of Tesla has also increased by 4%, but this growth is not as strong as in previous years. The company started its presence in this competition in 2016 with a value of only 4 billion dollars, which will reach 48 billion dollars in 2022. For this reason, Tesla has maintained its 12th position in 2022.

The technology giant, Apple, with a value of more than half a trillion dollars, is authoritatively leaning on the first place, and Microsoft is in the second place with a value of 316.6 million dollars, which has grown by 14% compared to the previous year. However, Apple is still the only brand worth more than 500 billion dollars. After these three, Amazon with a value of 276.9 billion dollars, Google with 260.2 billion dollars and Samsung with 91.4 billion dollars are ranked third to fifth respectively.

In 2023, automotive brands have had the greatest increase in value and have experienced a total growth of 9% compared to 2022. For this reason, for the first time, we see three car brands among the 10 most valuable brands in the world, and Mercedes has managed to overtake Coca-Cola. Also, Honda has climbed to the 27th place with a value of 27.4 billion dollars, which has grown by 7%.

Hyundai has reached the 32nd position with an 18% growth and a value of 20.4 billion dollars, Porsche has climbed six places to the 47th position with a 20% growth and a value of 16.2 billion dollars, and Ferrari has a 16% growth and a value of 10.8 billion. The dollar has taken the 70th place. These three brands, namely Hyundai, Porsche and Ferrari, have the highest value growth in 2023. However, Ford is still ahead of Ferrari at number 51.

Interbrand’s annual report of the world’s most valuable brands was first published in 2000 and ranked the world’s 100 most valuable brands in various categories such as automobiles, technology, media, etc. The value of brands is determined based on data such as the role of the brand in the customer’s purchase decision and the strength of the brand relative to income. According to Interbrand, the total value of the world’s top 100 brands has increased by only 5.7% in 2023, while this growth was 16% last year.

petropas-8

Classic Car Parts

Finding auto parts for vintage classic cars can sometimes be a challenge, but there are several ways you can search to find the parts you need. Here are some places to check:

Specialty Auto Parts Suppliers: There are specialty auto parts suppliers and retailers that focus specifically on classic and vintage car parts. These suppliers often have a wide range of parts for different makes and models of classic cars.
Classic car clubs and forums: Joining classic car clubs and forums online can put you in touch with enthusiasts who may have spare parts or know where to find them. These communities are great for sharing information and resources.
Auto Swap Meets and Car Shows: Auto swap meets and car shows are events where enthusiasts gather to buy, sell and trade auto parts and accessories. You may find rare and hard to find pieces at these events.
Online Marketplaces: Websites like eBay, Craigslist, and Facebook Marketplace can be sources for classic car parts. Be sure to check the listings carefully and check the condition of the parts before purchasing.
Specialized restoration shops: Restoration shops that specialize in classic cars often have access to a network of suppliers and sources of rare and vintage parts. They may also offer rebuilding services and be able to source parts for you.
Salvage and Junk Yards: Some salvage or junk yards specialize in classic cars and may have cars that can be a source of parts. Be prepared to do some searching and possibly some dismantling.
Classic Car Auctions: Some classic car auctions include parts and accessories as part of their offerings. These auctions can be a good place to find original or refurbished parts.
Online auctions and marketplaces for vintage car parts: There are online platforms specifically dedicated to buying and selling vintage car parts. These platforms can help you find parts that match your specific make and model.
Classic Car Parts Catalog: Some companies produce catalogs that list the parts available for different models of classic cars. These catalogs can be a useful resource for locating the parts you need.
Networking and Word of Mouth: Sometimes, word of mouth can lead you to the right resources. Talk to fellow enthusiasts, attend events, and let others in the classic car community know what parts you’re looking for.
Local mechanics and garages: Mechanics who specialize in classic cars may have access to parts or know where to find them. They can be valuable sources of information and communication.
Online Vintage Car Parts Store: There are online stores that specialize in selling vintage and classic car parts. These stores can be convenient to browse and buy specific parts.
Remember that parts availability can vary based on the make and model of your classic car. Before purchasing, it is important to thoroughly research the sources you are considering and confirm the authenticity and quality of the parts. Additionally, keep in mind that while new or refurbished parts are often preferred, sometimes used or salvaged parts can also be suitable for restoration projects.

petropas-7

How does airplane fly?

Mankind has longed to fly centuries ago, and inspired by nature, he thought of inventing a means of flight. So that in the past, many people were trying to achieve the dream of flying by using designs similar to the wings of birds. Anyway, after many years, the Wright brothers succeeded in inventing an airplane, but how does an airplane fly? Stay with us.

How does the plane take off?

If you know about the laws of physics during high school and high school, you probably have some ideas about flying airplanes. But do you really have the necessary information about flying an airplane and how to control it? Well, before we want to talk about how to fly and control the plane, let’s first review some important rules and principles about controlling the plane.

Before talking about how to fly and control the plane, we must first have information about common flight terms:

Push force: It is a force that neutralizes the air resistance force during the start of movement and thrust.
Thrust: It is the same force that directs the plane forward and is opposite to the force of gravity. Propulsion is provided by the motors as you would expect.
Airfoil: An airfoil is a cut on the wings of an airplane that directs the air flow in such a way that the air pressure in the upper and lower parts of the wing is divided proportionally and the pressure on the lower surface of the wing is greater than the upper surface so that the plane moves upwards. slow
Gravitational force: It is the same force that keeps everything in this earth on the surface.
Aircraft engines provide power for forward motion, but do not lift the aircraft off the ground. These are the wings that create the pressure difference necessary for the plane to take off from the ground. With the increase in the power produced by the engines, the air flow quickly collides with the top, and by using the aerodynamic features, the necessary pressure difference is created by the wings for the plane to take off. But how does this happen?

How do wings and pressure difference make an airplane fly?
Wings are the main factor in the upward movement of the plane. But how does this happen? Airplanes usually have an upper curved surface and a smoother lower surface, and the presence of such designs creates aerodynamic features to create the aerodynamic cross-section of the airplane.

Such a cross-section makes the plane move upwards and creates the required pressure difference. For a simpler explanation, suppose that two air molecules hit the wing of an airplane, one moves up and the other moves down, and the necessary pressure difference is created.

If you wish, we suggest you take a look at the article on the best airplanes in Iran.

How is the circular flow of air in the wings?

Have you ever been standing at a train station and a train sped past you? At this time, when the train passes by you, there is a feeling of air suction like a vacuum cleaner that pulls you towards it. The same thing happens in airplanes.

An airplane wing creates a whirlwind-like flow by creating a circular and rotating flow of air to direct the air backwards.

How is the flight controlled?

A moving airplane has a similar mechanism to a moving car, but there are certainly significant differences. The movement of the plane is around 3 different axes, which only the pilot has access to and is done by means of levers.

Movements around the lever of the plane are similar to the steering wheel of a car, and it is by using this lever that the plane can move to the right or left. Movements around the lever are called rotary movements, when the pilot moves the lever to the left or right, shakes the rear wings and causes the plane to turn to the right or left.

Of course, this rotational motion is not the same as that used to move around on Earth. The aircraft lever also has a vertical movement. The rudders of the plane move to the right and left, backward and forward. The movements that go to the left and right are for moving in the same direction, and the movements that are forward or backward by the rudder are used for flying or landing.

When the pilot pulls the rudder backward, the plane will take off if it has the necessary speed, and when the pilot moves the rudder forward, the plane will decrease in height. The movements of the rudder that are towards the rear or forward lead to the control of the vertical tail of the rear of the aircraft.

Next, take a look at the best Iranian airlines.

How does the plane stay in the air?
Airplanes are only able to climb up to a certain level. At a certain angle during takeoff, after reaching a certain height, the plane stops rising and stays at a certain height. At this time, the air flow around the wings reduces the drag force towards the ground and the plane remains at a constant height.

In simpler words, it should be said that after reaching a certain angle, for example 15 degrees, the air no longer flows smoothly around the wings, and we mostly see an increase in drag force and a further decrease in climbing, until reaching the state It is similar to stability. To move to the left and right, we have already explained that the back blades and the blades on the wings are used.

What is an airplane pressure cabin?
Air pressure drops as it rises above the surface of the earth. This is why climbers at very high altitudes need to use oxygen capsules. For example, Mount Everest is 9 km above sea level